Long term side effects of lamictal - redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. shakiness and unsteady walk. sudden death. trouble concentrating. trouble sleeping. unconsciousness. unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination. unusual paleness. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.

 
Lamotrigine can also cause other side effects. More common side effects. The more common side effects that can occur with use of lamotrigine include: dizziness; drowsiness; headache; double vision .... Bryce adams 18 yr old tinder hookup

Apr 12, 2023 · Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant prescribed to treat bipolar disorder and epilepsy. This medication can be used to reduce the occurrence of mood episodes in people with bipolar disorder and to control seizures in people with epilepsy. If people suddenly stop taking their medication, they may experience Lamictal ... Common side effects of Depakote include: abdominal pain, asthenia, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and anorexia. Other side effects include: abnormality in thinking, alopecia, ataxia, nystagmus disorder, tremor, weight loss, fever, and skin rash. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to divalproex sodium: oral ...Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ...I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer. Lamictal rash is a possible side effect of the medication lamotrigine, which is sold under the brand name Lamictal. It can be a mild rash or a more serious rash as a result of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. It is important to contact your doctor as soon as you experience any side effects of Lamictal, including a rash.Sep 13, 2021 · Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal XR include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release film ... Lamotrigine and sleep issues tend to go hand-in-hand according to some scientific reports. Of course, this doesn’t mean everyone using Lamictal will automatically have insomnia. Today we’re going to look into the main Lamotrigine side effects and how it affects your sleep. Finding the right medication for any ailment is often a complicated ... Oct 26, 2022 · These include dizziness, headache, and nausea. Other Lamictal side effects are rare but more serious. These include rash, low blood cell levels, and an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Lamictal has a boxed warning for serious, life-threatening rash. redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. shakiness and unsteady walk. sudden death. trouble concentrating. trouble sleeping. unconsciousness. unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination. unusual paleness. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ...May 30, 2014 · It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it. The most commonly observed side effects were dizziness, somnolence, diplopia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, abnormal vision, abdominal pain, tremor, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, headache, balance disorder, and asthenia. In clinical trials in children aged 1 month to 4 years, the most commonly reported side effect was somnolence.Oct 31, 2014 · Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ... Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway".hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ...Jun 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Lamotrigine is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the treatment of epilepsy. This medicine cannot cure epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you continue to take it. Lamotrigine can also cause other side effects. More common side effects. The more common side effects that can occur with use of lamotrigine include: dizziness; drowsiness; headache; double vision ...Geriatric Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of lamotrigine have not been performed in the geriatric population, geriatric-specific problems are not expected to limit the usefulness of lamotrigine in the elderly.Took that to new provider and she explained for the first time that I was Bp2. I don't know that, that's lamictal. It takes about a week to hit your system and a bit longer to feel the full impacts, which should apply to dosages down too. I can normally get 3 or so days without it before I start to feel off.Lamotrigine Pregnancy Warnings. Animal studies have shown developmental toxicity at doses estimated to be lower than those used clinically. Pregnant rats administered 3 doses (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) during the latter part of gestation had increased offspring mortality (including stillbirths) at all doses. The lowest effect dose for peri/postnatal ...Dec 1, 2021 · Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ... Serious side effects; Other side effects; Professional info; FAQ; Applies to nystatin: oral suspension, oral tablet. Serious side effects of Nystatin. Along with its needed effects, nystatin may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Other side effects of ...Jun 1, 2023 · Blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin chills cough dark urine diarrhea fever general feeling of discomfort or illness headache itching joint pain loss of appetite memory loss muscle cramps, pain, or weakness red or irritated eyes runny nose shivering small red or purple spots on the skin ... Other long-term side effects of Vraylar are possible. If you have questions about your risk of side effects from the medication, talk with your doctor. ... (Lamictal) If you have questions about ...Aug 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Quetiapine is used alone or together with other medicines to treat bipolar disorder (depressive and manic episodes) and schizophrenia. Quetiapine extended-release tablet is also used together with other antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder. This medicine should not be used to treat behavioral problems in older adult ... I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer. Basics Side effects Lamictal rash Common questions Dosage What to consider Uses Withdrawal Overdose How to take Cost Resources and support Q&A Lamictal basics If you have bipolar disorder,...The safety of using Lamictal during pregnancy has not been established. Lamictal is secreted into breast milk, and breastfeeding while taking Lamictal is not recommended. Our Lamictal Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it.Yes each time Lamictal dose increased mildly 10 days later unsteady and stumbling when walking. Loss of appetite and weight. Epilepsy expert Dr Lu in Rochester NY gradually decreased Lamictal and gradually put on Topamax seizure med. Have remained on low dose of each for years seizure and problem free.Jan 24, 2016 · Mood or behavior changes, such as depression, anxiety, agitation, hostility, restlessness, mental or physical hyperactivity, suicidal thoughts. Common side effects of lamotrigine that are not emergencies but should also be reported to your doctor include: Headache or dizziness. Blurred or double vision. Dry mouth. Very common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting more than one in ten people) include: headaches; skin rashes; Common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting up to one in ten people) include: feeling aggressive, agitated or irritable; feeling sleepy, tired or drowsy; insomnia (having difficulty sleeping) feeling dizzy; shaking or ... hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ...It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it.Long Term Effects for Lamotrigine. Sun, 08/21/2016 - 14:16. Topic: Living With Epilepsy - Adults. I have been on Lamotrigine for the past year at 300MG per day. I have started to experience major mood swings, headaches and dizziness, anger problems as well as memory and attention issues. I'm starting to look into the long term effects of this ...The typical starting dosage is 0.01 to 0.03 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight per day. This is divided into two or three doses per day. Your child’s doctor can determine the right ...Sep 23, 2022 · Warning. Suicidality Antidepressants may increase risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults (18–24 years of age) with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders; balance this risk with clinical need. b c d Venlafaxine is not approved for use in pediatric patients. 1 3 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.) Jul 19, 2012 · But Lamictal does give me low red blood cell counts, for which I take a B12 supplement. If Lamictal (or some other cause) has led to a B12 deficiency, that could explain a number of your symptoms. A B12 deficiency can cause: --weakness, tiredness or light-headedness. --rapid heartbeat and breathing. Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant prescribed to treat bipolar disorder and epilepsy. This medication can be used to reduce the occurrence of mood episodes in people with bipolar disorder and to control seizures in people with epilepsy. If people suddenly stop taking their medication, they may experience Lamictal ...multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back.Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ...Add Gift Card. Check Gift Card status and balance. Our major shipping carriers have informed us to expect temporary service disruptions due to COVID-19 impacts & natural weather situations across the U.S. As a result, shipments may experience delays. Cart (6) Price. 5HSSLD21159-DPIBLUE-OS. SKU. Yes each time Lamictal dose increased mildly 10 days later unsteady and stumbling when walking. Loss of appetite and weight. Epilepsy expert Dr Lu in Rochester NY gradually decreased Lamictal and gradually put on Topamax seizure med. Have remained on low dose of each for years seizure and problem free.multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back.Lamictal rash is a possible side effect of the medication lamotrigine, which is sold under the brand name Lamictal. It can be a mild rash or a more serious rash as a result of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. It is important to contact your doctor as soon as you experience any side effects of Lamictal, including a rash.increased hair growth, especially on the face. increased in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance. increased interest in sexual intercourse. sore gums. tenderness in the stomach area. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.Basics Side effects Lamictal rash Common questions Dosage What to consider Uses Withdrawal Overdose How to take Cost Resources and support Q&A Lamictal basics If you have bipolar disorder,...For Healthcare Professionals General. The more commonly reported adverse reactions have included dizziness, headache, diplopia, ataxia, nausea,... Immunologic. In cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), patients have presented with signs of systemic... Hypersensitivity. Nervous system. ...Mar 20, 2023 · In 2 longer-term trials, the mean change in blood glucose from baseline in patients treated with this drug (mean exposure 213 days; n=646) was 5 mg/dL (vs. placebo -0.05 mg/dL). Among patients with major depressive disorder receiving the extended-release formulation of this drug, a FBG greater than 126 mg/dL occurred in 7%, 12%, and 6% of those ... Apr 14, 2023 · 4. Narcotic painkillers . 5. Sleeping aids . 6. Incontinence drugs . 7. Antihistamines (first generation) How they can affect memory: Benzodiazepines dampen activity in key parts of the brain, including those involved in the transfer of events from short-term to long-term memory. redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. shakiness and unsteady walk. sudden death. trouble concentrating. trouble sleeping. unconsciousness. unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination. unusual paleness. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.Precautions Talk with your doctor Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a brand-name drug that’s prescribed for bipolar disorder and epilepsy. As with other drugs, Lamictal can cause side effects....The Four Most Commonly Used Types of Medications That Dampen Brain Function. 1. Benzodiazepines. This class of medication is often prescribed to help people sleep, or to help with anxiety. They do work well for this purpose, but they are habit-forming and have been associated with developing dementia.At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it.Oct 31, 2014 · Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ... For example, it is known that side effects like: ataxia, blurred vision, double vision, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting – are substantially more likely to occur among persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 500 mg per day – compared to persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 300 mg per day.Fatigue. Nausea. Tremor. Rash. Weight gain. Most of these side effects lessen with time. Long-term effects vary from drug to drug. In general: Pregnant women should not take anticonvulsants ... May 9, 2009 · The significant reduction in locomotion at weeks one and four suggest that anti-aging effects of lamotrigine are associated with compromised function, and in this sense a reduced health span. In conclusion, the observed decrease in mortality and increase in lifespan as a result of lamotrigine was associated with depression in locomotion and ... The initial use of lamotrigine was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on lamotrigine on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of lamotrigine as a long-term prophylactic agent is ...At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it.Oct 26, 2022 · These include dizziness, headache, and nausea. Other Lamictal side effects are rare but more serious. These include rash, low blood cell levels, and an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Lamictal has a boxed warning for serious, life-threatening rash. Aug 11, 2023 · multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back. Serious side effects; Other side effects; Professional info; FAQ; Applies to nystatin: oral suspension, oral tablet. Serious side effects of Nystatin. Along with its needed effects, nystatin may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Other side effects of ...The long-term consequences of this are unknown. Lamotrigine is known to affect sleep. ... In addition, lamotrigine shares few side effects with other, unrelated ...Traditional AEDs such as valproate and enzyme-inducing AEDs (EIAEDs) may produce high incidences of decreased libido. Recently, sexual function changes related to new AEDs have been reported. Topiramate, pregabalin and gabapentin may cause SD, whereas oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and levetiracetam may improve sexual function.Mar 11, 2023 · Common (1% to 10%): Arthralgia, blood creatinine phosphokinase increased/creatine phosphokinase increased, muscle rigidity, muscle spasms, muscle twitching, musculoskeletal stiffness, myalgia, pain in extremity. Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Mobility decreased, muscle tightness, muscular weakness, musculoskeletal rigidity. Very common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting more than one in ten people) include: headaches; skin rashes; Common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting up to one in ten people) include: feeling aggressive, agitated or irritable; feeling sleepy, tired or drowsy; insomnia (having difficulty sleeping) feeling dizzy; shaking or ...Continue to take lamotrigine even if you feel well. Do not stop taking lamotrigine without talking to your doctor, even if you experience side effects such as unusual changes in behavior or mood. Your doctor will probably decrease your dose gradually. If you suddenly stop taking lamotrigine, you may experience seizures.At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it. Apr 5, 2023 · Other long-term side effects of Vraylar are possible. If you have questions about your risk of side effects from the medication, talk with your doctor. ... (Lamictal) If you have questions about ... Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown.Lamotrigine and sleep issues tend to go hand-in-hand according to some scientific reports. Of course, this doesn’t mean everyone using Lamictal will automatically have insomnia. Today we’re going to look into the main Lamotrigine side effects and how it affects your sleep. Finding the right medication for any ailment is often a complicated ... Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown.The Four Most Commonly Used Types of Medications That Dampen Brain Function. 1. Benzodiazepines. This class of medication is often prescribed to help people sleep, or to help with anxiety. They do work well for this purpose, but they are habit-forming and have been associated with developing dementia.Jan 10, 2023 · hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ... Yes each time Lamictal dose increased mildly 10 days later unsteady and stumbling when walking. Loss of appetite and weight. Epilepsy expert Dr Lu in Rochester NY gradually decreased Lamictal and gradually put on Topamax seizure med. Have remained on low dose of each for years seizure and problem free.Mar 18, 2023 · Abdominal or stomach pain (severe) blurred vision, aching, burning, or swollen eyes. chest pain. confusion. discomfort while urinating or frequent urination. fever. hallucinations or seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there. itching. mental depression or other mood or mental changes. Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ...Nov 5, 2019 · It’s used for long-term treatment of the more severe type of bipolar disorder, ... The more common side effects of Lamictal in people treated for bipolar I disorder include: nausea; Long Term Effects for Lamotrigine. Sun, 08/21/2016 - 14:16. Topic: Living With Epilepsy - Adults. I have been on Lamotrigine for the past year at 300MG per day. I have started to experience major mood swings, headaches and dizziness, anger problems as well as memory and attention issues. I'm starting to look into the long term effects of this ...I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer.

Sep 13, 2021 · Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal ODT include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release ... . Tease victoria

long term side effects of lamictal

The initial use of lamotrigine was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on lamotrigine on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of lamotrigine as a long-term prophylactic agent is ... Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway".Jul 27, 2023 · Precautions Talk with your doctor Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a brand-name drug that’s prescribed for bipolar disorder and epilepsy. As with other drugs, Lamictal can cause side effects.... For example, it is known that side effects like: ataxia, blurred vision, double vision, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting – are substantially more likely to occur among persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 500 mg per day – compared to persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 300 mg per day.multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back.Aug 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Quetiapine is used alone or together with other medicines to treat bipolar disorder (depressive and manic episodes) and schizophrenia. Quetiapine extended-release tablet is also used together with other antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder. This medicine should not be used to treat behavioral problems in older adult ... Mar 11, 2023 · Common (1% to 10%): Arthralgia, blood creatinine phosphokinase increased/creatine phosphokinase increased, muscle rigidity, muscle spasms, muscle twitching, musculoskeletal stiffness, myalgia, pain in extremity. Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Mobility decreased, muscle tightness, muscular weakness, musculoskeletal rigidity. Lamotrigine is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.5 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of lamotrigine last for over 24 hours, and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7.I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer.I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer.Dec 1, 2021 · Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ... Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength..

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